Health effects
21 мая 2013 17:49
Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally. In the United States about 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking.[37] Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively.[38] At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking.[39][40] The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.[41] Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker. The non-linear dose response relationship is explained by smoking's effect on platelet aggregation.[42]
Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer,[43] heart attacks[44] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[45] Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus.[46]
Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking. Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of smoking bans. This is a law enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. A common concern among legislators is to discourage smoking among minors and many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. Many developing countries have not adopted anti-smoking policies, leading some to call for anti-smoking campaigns and further education to explain the negative effects of ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) in developing countries.[citation needed]
Despite the many bans, European countries still hold 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to the ERC, a market research company, the heaviest smokers are from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007.[47] Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.[48]
The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as intense or noticeable as other drugs such as, cocaine, amphetamines or any of the opiates (including heroin and morphine).[citation needed]
Smoking is a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease.[49] While smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day has been shown to worsen the symptoms of Crohn's disease,[50] smoking has been shown to actually lower the prevalence of ulcerative colitis.[
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iamWalter t. 21 мая 2013 23:22dear ibrah
you blog is not controversial but rather annoying.I would rather suggest to talk about this recent study
" Prior to the AIDS epidemic, a 1978 study found that 75 percent of white, gay males claimed to have had more than 100 lifetime male sex partners: 15 percent claimed 100-249 sex partners; 17 percent claimed 250-499; 15 percent claimed 500- 999; and 28 percent claimed more than 1,000 lifetime male sex partners. Levels of promiscuity subsequently declined, but some observers are concerned that promiscuity is again approaching the levels of the 1970s. The medical consequence of this promiscuity is that gays have a greatly increased likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS, syphilis and other STDs.
Similar extremes of promiscuity have not been documented among lesbians. However, an Australian study found that 93 percent of lesbians reported having had sex with men, and lesbians were 4.5 times more likely than heterosexual women to have had more than 50 lifetime male sex partners. Any degree of sexual promiscuity carries the risk of contracting STDs.
•Physical Health
Common sexual practices among gay men lead to numerous STDs and physical injuries, some of which are virtually unknown in the heterosexual population. Lesbians are also at higher risk for STDs. In addition to diseases that may be transmitted during lesbian sex, a study at an Australian STD clinic found that lesbians were three to four times more likely than heterosexual women to have sex with men who were high-risk for HIV.
•Mental Health
It is well established that there are high rates of psychiatric illnesses, including depression, drug abuse, and suicide attempts, among gays and lesbians. This is true even in the Netherlands, where gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) relationships are far more socially acceptable than in the U.S. Depression and drug abuse are strongly associated with risky sexual practices that lead to serious medical problems.
•Life Span
The only epidemiological study to date on the life span of gay men concluded that gay and bisexual men lose up to 20 years of life expectancy. "
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Karim X. 21 мая 2013 18:41thinking not reflection sorry
Karim X. 21 мая 2013 18:39Well living kills... Man u can not smoke and die of many different cancers and sicknesses... Of course we know that smoking harms health... But what is worse? Living bored a few more years or have a rich passionate life, maybe not totally healthy but intense... I would have a world totally sterilized... Then let's stop smoking.. Next? Stop drinking it's dangerous. Stop making love, it can give heart attack. Stop go to town is saturated with Nox. What's next?? That's a terrible world if we have to stop doing everything that is not healthy... Don't u see it's the start of a controlled society where just one group could decide of what is good or bad...
I'm a none smoker, but really, when I read that kind of Walter's copy / paste stuff from Wikipedia with no measure or own reflection, it give me the wish to light on one haha
ibrah i. 21 мая 2013 18:37thanks you too
soryy my friend
i have to go now
take care good
see you tomorrow ok
sweet dreams good night
bye bye honey
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21 мая 2013 18:27a nice evening
ibrah i. 21 мая 2013 18:22nice to hear :) :)
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21 мая 2013 18:17Thank you .... of course, that will stop
ibrah i. 21 мая 2013 18:13but you will stop that ok
and nice to hear that you walk i am very happy very nice
i amd good thanks :)
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21 мая 2013 18:06Yes, I smoke
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21 мая 2013 18:03Welcome. Thanks, yesterday I started to walk. How do you do? I can not answer letters ended up in the limit
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21 мая 2013 17:53statistics are appalling, it's true.
But how to opt out of this poison? And here begins
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